UPSC Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS : 25 January 2025

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General Studies – 1

Q1. Analyze the underlying causes that led to the outbreak of the 1965 India-Pakistan war. Evaluate the role of Operation Gibraltar in its escalation, and discuss the subsequent geopolitical implications. (15 M)

Introduction The 1965 India-Pakistan war was primarily driven by Pakistan’s ambition to alter the status quo in Jammu and Kashmir through military intervention. The war, marked by Pakistan’s failed Operation Gibraltar, escalated tensions and had significant geopolitical consequences for the region.

Causes of the 1965 India-Pakistan war

• Kashmir dispute and territorial ambitions: Pakistan aimed to capture Jammu and Kashmir, believing that the Muslim-majority region would support its cause. Eg: The failure of the UN-mediated ceasefire post-1947 war left the Kashmir issue unresolved, leading to recurring tensions. • Eg: The failure of the UN-mediated ceasefire post-1947 war left the Kashmir issue unresolved, leading to recurring tensions. • Pakistan’s perception of India’s political weakness: Pakistan considered India vulnerable after the 1962 war with China and the leadership transition following Nehru’s death. Eg: Lal Bahadur Shastri’s leadership was perceived as weak, encouraging Pakistan to exploit the situation militarily. • Eg: Lal Bahadur Shastri’s leadership was perceived as weak, encouraging Pakistan to exploit the situation militarily. • Influence of military aid and alliance****s: Pakistan’s military buildup through Western alliances such as SEATO and CENTO emboldened its aggression. Eg: Pakistan received advanced weaponry like Patton tanks and F-86 Sabre jets from the US, creating an imbalance in military capabilities. • Eg: Pakistan received advanced weaponry like Patton tanks and F-86 Sabre jets from the US, creating an imbalance in military capabilities. • Border skirmishes and provocations: Frequent confrontations, especially in the Rann of Kutch, escalated tensions and encouraged Pakistan to launch further operations. Eg: The Rann of Kutch Agreement (1965) failed to prevent further conflict escalation. • Eg: The Rann of Kutch Agreement (1965) failed to prevent further conflict escalation. • Internal instability in Jammu and Kashmir: Pakistan believed that insurgencies and dissatisfaction among Kashmiris could be exploited to trigger an uprising against India. Eg: Pakistan assumed support for their infiltration efforts based on the 1947 tribal invasion experience. • Eg: Pakistan assumed support for their infiltration efforts based on the 1947 tribal invasion experience. Role of Operation Gibraltar in the escalation of conflict

• Covert infiltration into Kashmir: Pakistani forces infiltrated Kashmir disguised as locals, aiming to incite rebellion and disrupt Indian military operations. Eg: Over 30,000 infiltrators were sent across the Line of Control (LoC), targeting key installations and communication networks. • Eg: Over 30,000 infiltrators were sent across the Line of Control (LoC), targeting key installations and communication networks. • Failure of local support: Contrary to Pakistan’s expectations, local Kashmiris rejected the infiltrators and alerted Indian security forces, leading to immediate counteraction. Eg: Mohammad Deen, a local shepherd, informed the Indian Army, helping thwart Pakistan’s plans. • Eg: Mohammad Deen, a local shepherd, informed the Indian Army, helping thwart Pakistan’s plans. • Indian military response and escalation: India’s swift counter-offensive led to the mobilization of forces, capturing key strategic locations like the Haji Pir Pass. Eg: The capture of Haji Pir Pass (8,661 ft) provided India a tactical advantage in the region. • Eg: The capture of Haji Pir Pass (8,661 ft) provided India a tactical advantage in the region. • Pakistan’s subsequent escalation through Operation Grand Slam: After Operation Gibraltar failed, Pakistan launched a full-scale attack on the Akhnoor sector to cut off Indian supply routes to Kashmir. Eg: The Akhnoor offensive led India to retaliate by opening new fronts in Punjab and Rajasthan. • Eg: The Akhnoor offensive led India to retaliate by opening new fronts in Punjab and Rajasthan. • International attention and diplomatic pressure: The infiltration and subsequent war attracted global attention, forcing both countries to agree to a ceasefire under diplomatic pressure. Eg: The UN Security Council Resolution 211 (1965) called for an immediate ceasefire, leading to negotiations in Tashkent. • Eg: The UN Security Council Resolution 211 (1965) called for an immediate ceasefire, leading to negotiations in Tashkent. Geopolitical implications of the 1965 war

• Strengthening of India’s defense preparedness: The war exposed weaknesses in border security and military planning, leading to significant defense reforms. Eg: The establishment of the Border Security Force (BSF) in 1965 to enhance border management. • Eg: The establishment of the Border Security Force (BSF) in 1965 to enhance border management. • Impact on Indo-Pak relations: The war deepened animosity and created a cycle of conflict that would manifest again in 1971 and beyond. Eg: Despite the Tashkent Agreement (1966), Pakistan continued cross-border infiltration, leading to the 1999 Kargil conflict. • Eg: Despite the Tashkent Agreement (1966), Pakistan continued cross-border infiltration, leading to the 1999 Kargil conflict. • Shift in global alliances: The war led to realignments, with India moving closer to the Soviet Union, while Pakistan strengthened ties with China and the US. Eg: The Indo-Soviet Treaty of 1971 marked a major strategic partnership following the war. • Eg: The Indo-Soviet Treaty of 1971 marked a major strategic partnership following the war. • Economic impact on both countries: The war strained economic resources, affecting development plans and increasing defense expenditures. Eg: India’s Third Five-Year Plan (1961-66) faced significant setbacks due to war-related spending. • Eg: India’s Third Five-Year Plan (1961-66) faced significant setbacks due to war-related spending. • Creation of long-term military doctrines: The lessons learned from 1965 shaped India’s defense policies and strategic doctrines for future conflicts. Eg: The war emphasized the need for self-reliance, leading to initiatives like ‘Make in India’ in defense production. • Eg: The war emphasized the need for self-reliance, leading to initiatives like ‘Make in India’ in defense production. Conclusion The 1965 war was a result of Pakistan’s strategic miscalculation and India’s firm military response. While India gained valuable experience and strategic leverage, the failure to capitalize on territorial gains highlights the complexities of war diplomacy and long-term security planning.

Q2. “The elderly often face a dual burden of health and isolation”. How can social innovations address these challenges? Illustrate with examples. (10 M)

Introduction With India’s elderly population expected to reach 319 million by 2050 (UNFPA, 2023), challenges related to health deterioration and social isolation are becoming critical. Innovative social interventions integrating technology, community participation, and policy reforms are essential to ensure their well-being.

Dual burden of health and isolation faced by the elderly

• Rising healthcare challenges: Chronic illnesses like diabetes, hypertension, and mobility issues lead to dependency and high healthcare costs. Eg: According to LASI 2020, 75% of elderly suffer from at least one chronic disease. • Eg: According to LASI 2020, 75% of elderly suffer from at least one chronic disease. • Social alienation: Urbanization and nuclear families have resulted in loneliness and psychological distress among seniors. Eg: HelpAge India, 2022 reports 47% of elderly feel socially isolated. • Eg: HelpAge India, 2022 reports 47% of elderly feel socially isolated. • Financial insecurity: Insufficient pension coverage and increased medical expenses make elderly financially vulnerable. Eg: NSSO, 2018 found only 28% of elderly have access to pension schemes. • Eg: NSSO, 2018 found only 28% of elderly have access to pension schemes. • Digital exclusion: Limited technological literacy restricts access to healthcare and social engagement platforms. Eg: The IAMAI 2023 report found that only 20% of seniors are digitally literate. • Eg: The IAMAI 2023 report found that only 20% of seniors are digitally literate. • Elder abuse and neglect: Physical and emotional abuse, often unreported, leads to further isolation and mental distress. Eg: HelpAge India, 2023, states 29% of elderly experience abuse, mostly from family members. • Eg: HelpAge India, 2023, states 29% of elderly experience abuse, mostly from family members. Social innovations to address these challenges

• Telemedicine and AI-powered healthcare: Enables remote consultations, real-time health tracking, and personalized medical advice. Eg: e-Sanjeevani, a government telehealth initiative, provided over 14 million consultations in 2023. • Eg: e-Sanjeevani, a government telehealth initiative, provided over 14 million consultations in 2023. • Community-based elderly networks: Self-help groups (SHGs), senior citizen associations, and neighborhood watch programs provide social bonding and emotional support. Eg: Kerala’s ‘Vayomithram’ program offers free palliative care and counseling. • Eg: Kerala’s ‘Vayomithram’ program offers free palliative care and counseling. • Senior-friendly urban infrastructure: Development of elder-friendly public spaces, barrier-free transport, and accessible healthcare centers. Eg: WHO’s Age-Friendly Cities framework implemented in cities like Pune and Delhi. • Eg: WHO’s Age-Friendly Cities framework implemented in cities like Pune and Delhi. • Digital literacy programs: Government and private initiatives to bridge the digital divide among the elderly and improve social inclusion. Eg: ‘PMGDISHA’ (Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan) trains seniors on digital usage. • Eg: ‘PMGDISHA’ (Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan) trains seniors on digital usage. • Elder companionship programs: Programs encouraging intergenerational bonding to address loneliness and provide a support system. Eg: Bengaluru’s ‘Adopt a Grandparent’ program pairs youth with elderly for emotional support. • Eg: Bengaluru’s ‘Adopt a Grandparent’ program pairs youth with elderly for emotional support. • Home-based healthcare and assisted living solutions: Expansion of doorstep medical services through public-private partnerships. Eg: Portea Medical offers home visits, physiotherapy, and nursing care for seniors. • Eg: Portea Medical offers home visits, physiotherapy, and nursing care for seniors. • Elder helplines and mental health support: Dedicated 24/7 helplines for elderly distress and mental health counseling. Eg: Government’s Elderline 14567 provides immediate assistance and counseling. • Eg: Government’s Elderline 14567 provides immediate assistance and counseling. • Technology-enabled companionship: Use of AI-driven robotic companions and virtual reality (VR) to combat loneliness. Eg: Japan’s ‘PARO therapeutic robot’, a robotic pet for elderly companionship. • Eg: Japan’s ‘PARO therapeutic robot’, a robotic pet for elderly companionship. Conclusion Holistic solutions combining technology, policy support, and community participation are crucial to address elderly care challenges. Strengthening schemes like the National Programme for Health Care of Elderly (NPHCE) and integrating elderly needs into urban planning can ensure a dignified and secure life for seniors.

Q3. Discuss the role of ocean currents and temperature anomalies in influencing the frequency and intensity of coral bleaching events in tropical regions. (10 M)

Introduction Coral bleaching events are primarily influenced by ocean currents and temperature anomalies, which alter the delicate thermal balance of coral ecosystems. These factors play a crucial role in determining the frequency and severity of bleaching events in tropical regions.

Role of ocean currents in coral bleaching

• Heat distribution and retention: Currents transport heat across ocean basins, and disruptions can lead to localized warming, increasing thermal stress on corals. Eg: The weakening of the Indonesian Throughflow (2023) trapped warm waters in the Coral Triangle, exacerbating bleaching events. • Eg: The weakening of the Indonesian Throughflow (2023) trapped warm waters in the Coral Triangle, exacerbating bleaching events. • Upwelling and thermal relief: Upwelling currents bring cooler, nutrient-rich waters, providing temporary relief to heat-stressed corals. Eg: The Humboldt Current along the South American coast mitigates bleaching impacts in the eastern Pacific. • Eg: The Humboldt Current along the South American coast mitigates bleaching impacts in the eastern Pacific. • Gyre circulation effects: Large ocean gyres trap heat in tropical waters, prolonging coral exposure to high temperatures. Eg: The North Pacific Gyre has led to persistent thermal stress in the Hawaiian reef system. • Eg: The North Pacific Gyre has led to persistent thermal stress in the Hawaiian reef system. • El Niño and current anomalies: Climate-induced shifts in currents, such as the weakening of trade winds, lead to abnormal heat accumulation. Eg: During El Niño (2015-16), a slowdown of the Pacific Equatorial Current intensified coral bleaching in the Great Barrier Reef. • Eg: During El Niño (2015-16), a slowdown of the Pacific Equatorial Current intensified coral bleaching in the Great Barrier Reef. • Localized current patterns: Coastal currents influence heat accumulation and dispersion, impacting coral resilience differently across regions. Eg: The Agulhas Current in the Indian Ocean contributes to fluctuating temperature regimes in the Mozambique Channel. • Eg: The Agulhas Current in the Indian Ocean contributes to fluctuating temperature regimes in the Mozambique Channel. • Nutrient and sediment transport: Currents regulate the availability of nutrients and sediments, which can either aid or hinder coral recovery post-bleaching. Eg: The Gulf Stream transports warm nutrient-poor waters to the Caribbean, reducing coral resilience against bleaching. • Eg: The Gulf Stream transports warm nutrient-poor waters to the Caribbean, reducing coral resilience against bleaching. Role of temperature anomalies in coral bleaching

• Global warming and baseline temperature rise: Increasing ocean temperatures elevate the baseline thermal stress, making corals more susceptible to bleaching. Eg: According to IPCC (2023), global ocean temperatures have risen by 0.13°C per decade, impacting coral reef health. • Eg: According to IPCC (2023), global ocean temperatures have risen by 0.13°C per decade, impacting coral reef health. • Marine heatwaves: Intense, prolonged spikes in sea surface temperatures surpass coral tolerance levels, leading to mass bleaching. Eg: The 2024 Global Coral Bleaching Event caused a 44% coral mortality rate in the southern Great Barrier Reef. • Eg: The 2024 Global Coral Bleaching Event caused a 44% coral mortality rate in the southern Great Barrier Reef. • El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effects: ENSO events trigger widespread warming in tropical waters, disrupting coral symbiosis. Eg: The 1997-98 El Niño event caused bleaching across 16% of the world’s coral reefs, as per the World Meteorological Organization. • Eg: The 1997-98 El Niño event caused bleaching across 16% of the world’s coral reefs, as per the World Meteorological Organization. • Localized heat stress: Specific regions experience thermal anomalies due to atmospheric-oceanic interactions, making corals vulnerable to repeated bleaching. Eg: The Bay of Bengal frequently records above-average temperatures, affecting coral reefs in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. • Eg: The Bay of Bengal frequently records above-average temperatures, affecting coral reefs in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. • Sudden temperature fluctuations: Rapid shifts in temperature stress corals, preventing acclimatization and leading to higher mortality rates. Eg: Fluctuations in the Red Sea have resulted in significant coral loss in shallow reef zones. • Eg: Fluctuations in the Red Sea have resulted in significant coral loss in shallow reef zones. • Cumulative thermal stress: Recurrent exposure to high temperatures without recovery periods weakens coral resilience and increases mortality. Eg: Successive bleaching events from 2014 to 2017 severely degraded reefs in the Indian Ocean, reducing biodiversity. • Eg: Successive bleaching events from 2014 to 2017 severely degraded reefs in the Indian Ocean, reducing biodiversity. Conclusion Mitigating the impacts of ocean currents and temperature anomalies on coral reefs requires urgent action through climate adaptation strategies, conservation efforts, and global cooperation to ensure long-term reef resilience.

General Studies – 2

Q4. “A structured Parliamentary calendar is vital to strengthen democracy and legislative oversight”. Discuss the merits and challenges of implementing an annual schedule for the Indian Parliament. (15 M)

Introduction A predictable parliamentary calendar is crucial for ensuring legislative efficiency, accountability, and public trust in a democracy. With the declining number of sittings, institutionalizing a structured schedule can enhance oversight and policy scrutiny.

Structured parliamentary calendar strengthens democracy and legislative oversight

• Enhanced accountability: A fixed schedule allows MPs to plan better, scrutinize government actions, and ensure regular questioning of the executive. Eg: The decline in Parliament sittings from 125 days in the 1950s to around 60 days now (PRS Legislative Research, 2023) has weakened government accountability. • Eg: The decline in Parliament sittings from 125 days in the 1950s to around 60 days now (PRS Legislative Research, 2023) has weakened government accountability. • Effective legislative scrutiny: A structured calendar ensures bills undergo thorough examination rather than being rushed through limited sittings. Eg: The Farm Laws (2020) were passed without adequate discussion, leading to widespread protests and eventual repeal. • Eg: The Farm Laws (2020) were passed without adequate discussion, leading to widespread protests and eventual repeal. • Strengthening parliamentary committees: A predictable schedule allows committees to meet consistently and perform in-depth analysis of policies. Eg: The Standing Committee on Defence (2021) flagged underutilization of funds, citing lack of legislative oversight. • Eg: The Standing Committee on Defence (2021) flagged underutilization of funds, citing lack of legislative oversight. • Boosting public engagement: Citizens can anticipate and participate in democratic processes better with a known legislative calendar. Eg: Increased viewership of Sansad TV has shown greater public interest in parliamentary debates. • Eg: Increased viewership of Sansad TV has shown greater public interest in parliamentary debates. • Resource optimization: Ministries and stakeholders can align their inputs efficiently, improving governance and policy outcomes. Eg: The Ministry of Finance can better prepare for pre-budget discussions, ensuring a more responsive fiscal policy. • Eg: The Ministry of Finance can better prepare for pre-budget discussions, ensuring a more responsive fiscal policy. Merits of implementing an annual parliamentary calendar

• Improved legislative quality: More preparation time enables MPs to study bills, consult stakeholders, and provide well-informed inputs. Eg: The Data Protection Bill, 2023, was re-drafted multiple times due to feedback from stakeholders and MPs. • Eg: The Data Protection Bill, 2023, was re-drafted multiple times due to feedback from stakeholders and MPs. • Balanced workload: Distribution of business across the year prevents last-minute rushes and enhances policy focus. Eg: In 2023, the Monsoon Session passed 20 bills in 10 days, raising concerns over superficial scrutiny. • Eg: In 2023, the Monsoon Session passed 20 bills in 10 days, raising concerns over superficial scrutiny. • Alignment with fiscal cycles: A fixed schedule allows better alignment with budget cycles, ensuring deeper scrutiny of government expenditures. Eg: The CAG reports can be discussed more comprehensively, improving financial accountability. • Eg: The CAG reports can be discussed more comprehensively, improving financial accountability. • Timely debate on national issues: Dedicated time ensures regular debates on crucial issues like climate change, healthcare, and economic reforms. Eg: The COVID-19 crisis response was delayed due to irregular parliamentary sittings. • Eg: The COVID-19 crisis response was delayed due to irregular parliamentary sittings. • Reduced disruptions: Predictability may reduce adjournments and walkouts, fostering better legislative engagement. Eg: The lack of a pre-decided calendar led to disruptions during the 2022 Winter Session, affecting productivity. • Eg: The lack of a pre-decided calendar led to disruptions during the 2022 Winter Session, affecting productivity. • Encourages constructive opposition: A structured schedule helps opposition parties prepare better, ensuring meaningful debates rather than political posturing. Eg: The opposition had inadequate time to scrutinize the Citizenship Amendment Act (2019) before its passage. • Eg: The opposition had inadequate time to scrutinize the Citizenship Amendment Act (2019) before its passage. • Harmonization with state legislatures: A fixed national schedule can help in better synchronization with state legislative sessions. Eg: Many MPs are also state legislators, leading to scheduling conflicts. • Eg: Many MPs are also state legislators, leading to scheduling conflicts. Challenges in implementing an annual parliamentary calendar

• Flexibility issues: A rigid calendar may hinder the Parliament’s ability to respond to urgent national and global crises. Eg: The sudden enactment of emergency COVID-19 relief laws in 2020 required flexibility in session planning. • Eg: The sudden enactment of emergency COVID-19 relief laws in 2020 required flexibility in session planning. • Political unwillingness: Governments may resist structured sittings to avoid prolonged scrutiny and public debates. Eg: The opposition often accuses the ruling party of adjourning Parliament to avoid discussions on sensitive issues such as price rise and unemployment. • Eg: The opposition often accuses the ruling party of adjourning Parliament to avoid discussions on sensitive issues such as price rise and unemployment. • Coordination challenges: Synchronizing the legislative agenda with government policy decisions and committee schedules may prove difficult. Eg: The delay in presenting the Personal Data Protection Bill (2022) due to policy recalibrations highlights this challenge. • Eg: The delay in presenting the Personal Data Protection Bill (2022) due to policy recalibrations highlights this challenge. • Administrative feasibility: Logistical challenges in organizing multiple sessions, including security, staff coordination, and infrastructure requirements. Eg: Security arrangements during the Winter Session 2023 strained administrative resources. • Eg: Security arrangements during the Winter Session 2023 strained administrative resources. • Executive prerogative: Article 85 of the Constitution provides the executive discretion to summon sessions, making legal enforcement of a fixed calendar challenging. Eg: The President summons sessions on the advice of the Council of Ministers, making it an executive prerogative. • Eg: The President summons sessions on the advice of the Council of Ministers, making it an executive prerogative. • Increased financial burden: More sittings could lead to higher operational costs and administrative expenditures for Parliament. Eg: The budget allocation for Parliament infrastructure may need significant enhancement. • Eg: The budget allocation for Parliament infrastructure may need significant enhancement. • Diverse legislative priorities: The varying nature of legislative demands across different sectors may not align with a fixed schedule. Eg: Urgent issues such as natural disasters or geopolitical tensions require dynamic legislative responses. • Eg: Urgent issues such as natural disasters or geopolitical tensions require dynamic legislative responses. Conclusion A structured parliamentary calendar can enhance governance, policy scrutiny, and democratic accountability. However, its implementation should balance predictability with flexibility, ensuring that Parliament remains responsive to evolving national needs while upholding its constitutional responsibilities.

Q5. Why is transparency crucial for effective revenue management in state governments? Suggest policy-level interventions to enhance accountability. (10 M)

Introduction Transparency in revenue management is essential to ensure fiscal prudence, prevent corruption, and enhance public trust, ultimately leading to effective governance and optimal resource utilization.

Importance of transparency in revenue management

• Prevention of revenue leakages: Transparent processes help track revenue flows and curb corruption. Eg: The Chhattisgarh liquor scam highlighted revenue losses due to opaque financial dealings (ED, 2025). • Eg: The Chhattisgarh liquor scam highlighted revenue losses due to opaque financial dealings (ED, 2025). • Enhanced fiscal discipline: Clear financial reporting ensures responsible budgeting and expenditure management. Eg: The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, 2003, mandates transparent fiscal planning. • Eg: The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, 2003, mandates transparent fiscal planning. • Improved public trust and participation: Transparency enables citizens to hold the government accountable for revenue utilization. Eg: The Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005, empowers citizens to seek details of government revenues. • Eg: The Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005, empowers citizens to seek details of government revenues. • Better intergovernmental fiscal relations: Transparency fosters cooperative federalism by ensuring clarity in revenue-sharing mechanisms. Eg: The 15th Finance Commission Report (2021) emphasized transparent fiscal transfers to states. • Eg: The 15th Finance Commission Report (2021) emphasized transparent fiscal transfers to states. • Efficient resource allocation: Transparent revenue management ensures funds are directed toward priority sectors efficiently. Eg: The use of Public Financial Management System (PFMS) has improved fund tracking in welfare schemes. • Eg: The use of Public Financial Management System (PFMS) has improved fund tracking in welfare schemes. Policy-level interventions to enhance accountability

• Strengthening digital governance: Implementing AI-based tracking and blockchain for real-time monitoring of revenue collection. Eg: The adoption of GSTN (Goods and Services Tax Network) improved tax compliance and reduced evasion. • Eg: The adoption of GSTN (Goods and Services Tax Network) improved tax compliance and reduced evasion. • Legislative reforms: Strengthening financial accountability laws to include stringent penalties for mismanagement. Eg: Amendment to the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, to cover revenue-related misconduct more effectively. • Eg: Amendment to the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, to cover revenue-related misconduct more effectively. • Capacity building and training: Enhancing skills of officials in revenue administration to promote efficiency and ethical governance. Eg: The Mission Karmayogi initiative focuses on skill enhancement of public servants in financial management. • Eg: The Mission Karmayogi initiative focuses on skill enhancement of public servants in financial management. • Social audits and citizen engagement: Institutionalizing public audits to foster accountability and participatory governance. Eg: The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) mandates social audits to ensure transparency in fund allocation. • Eg: The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) mandates social audits to ensure transparency in fund allocation. • Independent oversight mechanisms: Strengthening institutions like the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) to conduct real-time audits. Eg: The CAG’s audit of the Uttar Pradesh Excise Department (2023) uncovered revenue shortfalls due to irregularities. • Eg: The CAG’s audit of the Uttar Pradesh Excise Department (2023) uncovered revenue shortfalls due to irregularities. Conclusion Ensuring transparency in revenue management through technological, legal, and participatory approaches can lead to efficient governance and fiscal sustainability, paving the way for inclusive economic development.

Q6. BRICS nations have initiated discussions on alternatives to the US dollar in global trade. Discuss the opportunities and challenges this poses for India’s foreign policy. (15 M)

Introduction BRICS countries, comprising over 40% of the global population and 25% of global GDP, are exploring alternatives to the US dollar to reduce reliance on a dollar-dominated financial system. These efforts are driven by geopolitical compulsions and the need for economic sovereignty.

BRICS discussions on alternatives to the US dollar in global trade

• Local currency trade settlements: Initiatives to settle international trade in national currencies aim to bypass the dollar. Eg: In 2022, India and Russia began settling bilateral trade in INR and rubles via Vostro accounts, enabling smoother payments amid Western sanctions on Russia. • Eg: In 2022, India and Russia began settling bilateral trade in INR and rubles via Vostro accounts, enabling smoother payments amid Western sanctions on Russia. • BRICS currency proposal: Discussions for a common currency aim to reduce trade vulnerabilities. Eg: At the 2023 BRICS Summit in Johannesburg, Brazilian President Lula proposed creating a BRICS currency to enhance trade flexibility and reduce dollar dependence. • Eg: At the 2023 BRICS Summit in Johannesburg, Brazilian President Lula proposed creating a BRICS currency to enhance trade flexibility and reduce dollar dependence. • New financial mechanisms: BRICS has created institutions to support trade diversification and reduce reliance on dollar-based financial systems. Eg: The New Development Bank (NDB), headquartered in Shanghai, funds development projects using alternative currencies to the USD. • Eg: The New Development Bank (NDB), headquartered in Shanghai, funds development projects using alternative currencies to the USD. • Curbing dollar dominance: US sanctions have amplified efforts to diversify global trade mechanisms. Eg: After the US removed Russia from SWIFT in 2022, Russia and China increased trade settlements in yuan, influencing BRICS discussions. • Eg: After the US removed Russia from SWIFT in 2022, Russia and China increased trade settlements in yuan, influencing BRICS discussions. Opportunities this poses for India’s foreign policy

• Economic sovereignty: Reducing dollar reliance mitigates vulnerabilities to sanctions and global currency fluctuations. Eg: US sanctions on Iran and Russia disrupted energy imports; trade in INR helped India secure critical oil supplies. • Eg: US sanctions on Iran and Russia disrupted energy imports; trade in INR helped India secure critical oil supplies. • Internationalization of the rupee: Trading in INR can bolster the rupee’s global standing, reducing forex volatility. Eg: In 2022, RBI permitted 17 countries, including Germany and UAE, to settle trade in INR, promoting rupee acceptance. • Eg: In 2022, RBI permitted 17 countries, including Germany and UAE, to settle trade in INR, promoting rupee acceptance. • Geopolitical flexibility: Diversifying trade mechanisms strengthens India’s negotiating power in a multipolar financial order. Eg: At the 2024 Kazan Summit, India supported BRICS financial integration while clarifying its non-confrontational stance toward the US. • Eg: At the 2024 Kazan Summit, India supported BRICS financial integration while clarifying its non-confrontational stance toward the US. • Strengthening South-South cooperation: Promoting financial alternatives aligns with India’s leadership in the Global South. Eg: BRICS-Africa partnerships on trade mechanisms showcase India’s commitment to empowering developing nations. • Eg: BRICS-Africa partnerships on trade mechanisms showcase India’s commitment to empowering developing nations. • Reduced US policy impact: Shielding trade from Federal Reserve policies helps stabilize domestic markets. Eg: US interest rate hikes in 2023 led to capital outflows, emphasizing the need for diversified trade currencies. • Eg: US interest rate hikes in 2023 led to capital outflows, emphasizing the need for diversified trade currencies. Challenges this poses for India’s foreign policy

• Geopolitical pressure from the West: De-dollarisation could strain India’s relations with Western allies like the US. Eg: In 2025, President Donald Trump threatened 100% tariffs on BRICS nations discussing alternative currencies, complicating India’s economic ties with the US. • Eg: In 2025, President Donald Trump threatened 100% tariffs on BRICS nations discussing alternative currencies, complicating India’s economic ties with the US. • Dominance of the Chinese yuan: China’s economic power could skew BRICS initiatives in its favor, undermining India’s financial autonomy. Eg: 90% of Russia-China trade is settled in yuan, highlighting concerns over China’s growing influence. • Eg: 90% of Russia-China trade is settled in yuan, highlighting concerns over China’s growing influence. • Low global rupee acceptance: Limited adoption of INR in global trade challenges its role as a reliable currency. Eg: As of 2024, INR constitutes less than 1% of global forex reserves, compared to 60% for USD (IMF data). • Eg: As of 2024, INR constitutes less than 1% of global forex reserves, compared to 60% for USD (IMF data). • Economic asymmetry in BRICS: Disparities in economic size and financial policies among members complicate consensus. Eg: China’s GDP is nearly 5 times larger than India’s, influencing its dominance in BRICS financial frameworks. • Eg: China’s GDP is nearly 5 times larger than India’s, influencing its dominance in BRICS financial frameworks. • Logistical and technical barriers: Building robust alternatives to the dollar requires significant infrastructure and coordination. Eg: The proposed BRICS Payment System to bypass SWIFT is still under discussion, limiting its immediate impact. • Eg: The proposed BRICS Payment System to bypass SWIFT is still under discussion, limiting its immediate impact. • Risk of trade instability: Transitioning to new financial mechanisms without established trust could disrupt existing trade flows. Eg: Global exporters still prefer USD due to its stability and liquidity, making alternatives less viable. • Eg: Global exporters still prefer USD due to its stability and liquidity, making alternatives less viable. Conclusion India must pursue a pragmatic foreign policy by supporting BRICS initiatives to enhance financial resilience while maintaining constructive ties with the US and Western economies. Strengthening INR-backed trade and investing in robust payment infrastructure will ensure strategic autonomy and economic security in a multipolar financial world.

General Studies – 3

Q7. “The deployment of artificial satellites has increased manifold, leading to concerns regarding space debris management”. Evaluate India’s preparedness in tackling this emerging challenge. (10 M)

Introduction The surge in satellite launches, propelled by advancements in space technology and increased private sector participation, has intensified concerns over space debris, posing significant risks to operational spacecraft and the sustainability of outer space.

Deployment of artificial satellites and concerns about space debris

• Proliferation of satellite launches: The advent of cost-effective launch technologies and miniaturization has led to a substantial increase in satellite deployments. Eg: India’s PSLV-C56 mission (2023) successfully placed multiple satellites into orbit. • Eg: India’s PSLV-C56 mission (2023) successfully placed multiple satellites into orbit. • Accumulation of defunct objects: Non-functional satellites and spent rocket stages contribute to the growing space debris problem. Eg: The European Space Agency (ESA) estimates over 36,500 objects larger than 10 cm are currently in orbit. • Eg: The European Space Agency (ESA) estimates over 36,500 objects larger than 10 cm are currently in orbit. • Collision hazards: The dense orbital environment heightens the risk of collisions, potentially creating more debris. Eg: The 2009 collision between Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 satellites resulted in significant debris. • Eg: The 2009 collision between Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 satellites resulted in significant debris. • Operational challenges: Space debris threatens the safety and longevity of active satellites, affecting services like communication and navigation. Eg: ISRO conducts regular collision avoidance maneuvers for its satellites. • Eg: ISRO conducts regular collision avoidance maneuvers for its satellites. • Environmental and safety risks: Uncontrolled re-entry of debris poses hazards to both space operations and terrestrial life. Eg: Debris from China’s Long March 5B rocket re-entered Earth’s atmosphere unpredictably in 2020. • Eg: Debris from China’s Long March 5B rocket re-entered Earth’s atmosphere unpredictably in 2020. India’s preparedness in tackling space debris

Positives | Challenges

1. Project NETRA: ISRO’s Network for Space Object Tracking and Analysis (NETRA) aims to enhance space situational awareness by tracking debris and safeguarding Indian satellites. | 1. Pending legislation: The Space Activities Bill, intended to regulate space activities and ensure compliance with international standards, is still under consideration and has not been enacted.
2. IS4OM initiative: The ISRO System for Safe and Sustainable Space Operations Management (IS4OM) focuses on spaceflight safety and debris mitigation, consolidating efforts to manage space congestion. | 2. Limited active debris removal capabilities: India currently lacks indigenous technologies for active debris removal, relying primarily on tracking and avoidance measures.
3. International collaborations: India has engaged in agreements for space situational awareness data sharing, enhancing global cooperation in debris management. | 3. Resource constraints: Allocating sufficient funding and resources for comprehensive space debris mitigation remains a challenge.
4. Adherence to international guidelines: ISRO follows the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) guidelines for debris mitigation in its missions. | 4. Growing private sector participation: The increasing involvement of private entities in satellite launches necessitates robust regulatory frameworks to manage potential debris generation.
5. Development of collision avoidance protocols: ISRO has established standard operating procedures for collision avoidance, ensuring timely maneuvers to protect assets. | 5. Public awareness and policy advocacy: There is a need for greater public awareness and policy advocacy regarding space debris issues to foster a culture of responsibility among stakeholders. Conclusion While India has initiated significant measures like Project NETRA and IS4OM to address space debris challenges, the enactment of comprehensive legislation such as the Space Activities Bill and the development of active debris removal technologies are imperative to enhance preparedness and ensure the long-term sustainability of space operations.

Q8. “India’s internal security threats are increasingly interconnected with global geopolitical developments”. Discuss. (15 M)

Introduction In an increasingly interconnected world, India’s internal security landscape is profoundly shaped by global geopolitical shifts, ranging from cross-border terrorism to cyber warfare and economic dependencies. Addressing these challenges requires a nuanced understanding of their transnational nature and strategic policy interventions.

Interconnection between India’s Internal Security and Global Geopolitics

• Cross-border terrorism and insurgency: India’s security is affected by state-sponsored terrorism and insurgencies influenced by geopolitical rivalries. Eg: The 2016 Uri attack linked to Pakistan-based groups like Jaish-e-Mohammed, escalating tensions. • Eg: The 2016 Uri attack linked to Pakistan-based groups like Jaish-e-Mohammed, escalating tensions. • Cybersecurity threats from foreign actors: Hostile nations and non-state actors exploit cyber vulnerabilities to target India’s critical infrastructure. Eg: The 2020 China-linked cyberattack on Indian power grids during the Ladakh border crisis (Source: Recorded Future). • Eg: The 2020 China-linked cyberattack on Indian power grids during the Ladakh border crisis (Source: Recorded Future). • Radicalization through global networks: Extremist ideologies spread through digital platforms with external influence, posing a domestic security risk. Eg: The ISIS-inspired modules uncovered by the NIA in Kerala in 2022. • Eg: The ISIS-inspired modules uncovered by the NIA in Kerala in 2022. • Economic dependencies and vulnerabilities: Trade dependencies, especially in strategic sectors like energy and defence, impact India’s security autonomy. Eg: India’s reliance on Chinese imports for pharmaceutical raw materials amid geopolitical tensions. • Eg: India’s reliance on Chinese imports for pharmaceutical raw materials amid geopolitical tensions. • Maritime security in the Indo-Pacific: Regional power struggles impact India’s maritime trade routes and strategic interests. Eg: China’s activities in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), including the development of ports in neighbouring countries. • Eg: China’s activities in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), including the development of ports in neighbouring countries. • Illegal migration and demographic shifts: Influx of migrants from conflict zones in neighbouring countries poses internal security challenges. Eg: The Rohingya refugee influx in north-eastern India raising security concerns. • Eg: The Rohingya refugee influx in north-eastern India raising security concerns. • Drug trafficking and organized crime: Transnational crime syndicates exploit India’s geographic position to smuggle narcotics and arms. Eg: The seizure of 2,500 kg heroin from an Iranian vessel off Gujarat in 2023 (Source: NCB). • Eg: The seizure of 2,500 kg heroin from an Iranian vessel off Gujarat in 2023 (Source: NCB). • Hybrid warfare and misinformation campaigns: Adversarial states use social media and disinformation to destabilize India’s internal environment. Eg: Pakistan-based misinformation campaigns during the 2019 Pulwama attack crisis. • Eg: Pakistan-based misinformation campaigns during the 2019 Pulwama attack crisis. Strategies to Strengthen India’s Internal Security

• Enhanced border security measures: Deployment of advanced surveillance systems and smart fencing to secure porous borders. Eg: Implementation of Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS) along the western border. • Eg: Implementation of Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS) along the western border. • Strengthening cyber defence infrastructure: Establishing AI-driven threat detection mechanisms and stringent cyber regulations. Eg: Formation of Defence Cyber Agency (DCA) for military cyber operations. • Eg: Formation of Defence Cyber Agency (DCA) for military cyber operations. • Community-based deradicalization programs: Engaging local communities to counter extremist ideologies through awareness campaigns. Eg: The ‘Operation Chakravyuh’ by intelligence agencies to identify radicalized individuals. • Eg: The ‘Operation Chakravyuh’ by intelligence agencies to identify radicalized individuals. • Strengthening maritime surveillance: Enhancing naval capabilities and fostering regional cooperation through strategic alliances. Eg: Collaboration under the QUAD framework for maritime security. • Eg: Collaboration under the QUAD framework for maritime security. • Boosting economic self-reliance: Reducing dependence on foreign imports through policies like Aatmanirbhar Bharat. Eg: Development of indigenous semiconductor manufacturing hubs with government incentives. • Eg: Development of indigenous semiconductor manufacturing hubs with government incentives. • Coordinated intelligence sharing: Strengthening institutional coordination between security agencies to counter evolving threats. Eg: The Multi-Agency Centre (MAC) facilitating real-time intelligence sharing. • Eg: The Multi-Agency Centre (MAC) facilitating real-time intelligence sharing. Conclusion India’s internal security challenges require a multi-dimensional approach involving technological advancements, intelligence collaboration, and strategic international partnerships to effectively address evolving geopolitical threats.

General Studies – 4

Q9. What are the key factors that shape an individual’s ethical decision-making process? Analyze their relevance in public administration. (10 M)

Introduction Ethical decision-making is influenced by a combination of internal values and external factors that guide individuals in choosing between right and wrong. In public administration, ethical decision-making ensures adherence to constitutional values, public interest, and integrity.

Key factors shaping an individual’s ethical decision-making process

• Moral development theories: Ethical decision-making evolves through stages of moral development, such as Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, which emphasizes progression from self-interest to universal ethical principles. Eg: A civil servant at a higher moral stage will uphold constitutional values even under political pressure. • Eg: A civil servant at a higher moral stage will uphold constitutional values even under political pressure. • Ethical principles and philosophies: Frameworks like deontology, utilitarianism, and virtue ethics shape individual decision-making based on duty, consequences, or moral virtues. Eg: A public official following deontological ethics will prioritize legal compliance even if it causes inconvenience. • Eg: A public official following deontological ethics will prioritize legal compliance even if it causes inconvenience. • Conscience and integrity: An individual’s internal moral compass, shaped by personal values and integrity, plays a crucial role in ethical decision-making. Eg: Sardar Patel’s integrity in building a unified India despite multiple challenges. • Eg: Sardar Patel’s integrity in building a unified India despite multiple challenges. • Socialization and cultural influences: Ethical behaviour is influenced by upbringing, societal values, and cultural traditions, which provide a moral foundation. Eg: The Indian value of ‘dharma’ emphasizes duty-based ethical conduct in public service. • Eg: The Indian value of ‘dharma’ emphasizes duty-based ethical conduct in public service. • Institutional and legal frameworks: Ethical decision-making is guided by institutional mechanisms such as codes of conduct, service rules, and constitutional mandates (Articles 51A, 14, 19, 21). Eg: The All India Services (Conduct) Rules, 1968, outline ethical standards for civil servants. • Eg: The All India Services (Conduct) Rules, 1968, outline ethical standards for civil servants. Relevance in public administration

• Ensuring impartiality and objectivity: Ethical decision-making helps public servants remain free from biases and favouritism. Eg: The adoption of transparent recruitment processes in UPSC ensures equal opportunity for all. • Eg: The adoption of transparent recruitment processes in UPSC ensures equal opportunity for all. • Handling ethical dilemmas: Public servants often face conflicts between competing values such as duty vs. compassion, legality vs. morality, requiring ethical frameworks for resolution. Eg: A dilemma between upholding environmental concerns and promoting industrial growth in project approvals. • Eg: A dilemma between upholding environmental concerns and promoting industrial growth in project approvals. • Promoting accountability and transparency: Ethical governance enhances public trust and legitimacy by ensuring that decisions align with laws and public welfare. Eg: The implementation of RTI Act, 2005 promotes transparency in decision-making. • Eg: The implementation of RTI Act, 2005 promotes transparency in decision-making. • Resisting corruption and unethical practices: Ethical decision-making fosters resistance to corruption and nepotism in public service. Eg: E. Sreedharan’s leadership in the Delhi Metro project, maintaining integrity under pressure. • Eg: E. Sreedharan’s leadership in the Delhi Metro project, maintaining integrity under pressure. • Enhancing public service motivation (PSM): Ethical decision-making motivates civil servants to act in the public interest rather than personal gain. Eg: Policies such as DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer) eliminate middlemen and ensure direct benefits to citizens. • Eg: Policies such as DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer) eliminate middlemen and ensure direct benefits to citizens. Conclusion Ethical decision-making in public administration is essential to uphold constitutional morality, fairness, and public interest. Strengthening ethical competencies through training, role models, and institutional frameworks can ensure integrity in governance.

Q10. Discuss the ethical challenges posed by public perception that governments and businesses serve narrow interests. How can ethical policymaking address this concern? (10 M)

Introduction The perception that governments and businesses prioritize narrow interests over public welfare undermines social trust, democratic values, and economic equity, leading to widespread skepticism and alienation.

Ethical challenges posed by public perception of narrow interests

• Erosion of trust in institutions: When institutions are seen as serving select groups, public confidence declines, weakening social cohesion. Eg: The Edelman Trust Barometer 2025 revealed that 69% of respondents believe institutional leaders mislead the public. • Eg: The Edelman Trust Barometer 2025 revealed that 69% of respondents believe institutional leaders mislead the public. • Policy capture and cronyism: Decisions influenced by corporate interests can undermine ethical policymaking and public welfare. Eg: The Electoral Bond controversy raised concerns about undue corporate influence in politics. • Eg: The Electoral Bond controversy raised concerns about undue corporate influence in politics. • Social and economic inequalities: Favoring elite interests deepens disparities and marginalizes vulnerable populations. Eg: The Oxfam Report 2024 highlighted a stark wealth gap, with billionaire wealth growing three times faster than economic growth. • Eg: The Oxfam Report 2024 highlighted a stark wealth gap, with billionaire wealth growing three times faster than economic growth. • Loss of ethical leadership: Perceived bias fosters cynicism and discourages ethical conduct in both public and private sectors. Eg: The Satyam scandal (2009) exposed corporate governance failures, shaking investor confidence. • Eg: The Satyam scandal (2009) exposed corporate governance failures, shaking investor confidence. • Weak public accountability mechanisms: Lack of transparency fuels corruption and inefficiency in governance and corporate sectors. Eg: India’s ranking in the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) 2023 fell due to poor enforcement of anti-corruption measures. • Eg: India’s ranking in the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) 2023 fell due to poor enforcement of anti-corruption measures. Ethical policymaking to address the concern

• Enhancing transparency and accountability: Strengthening disclosure norms and public oversight to build institutional credibility. Eg: The Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 empowers citizens to hold institutions accountable. • Eg: The Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 empowers citizens to hold institutions accountable. • Promoting participatory governance: Involving citizens in decision-making ensures policies reflect collective interests. Eg: Gram Sabhas under the Panchayati Raj system facilitate grassroots involvement. • Eg: Gram Sabhas under the Panchayati Raj system facilitate grassroots involvement. • Strengthening corporate social responsibility (CSR): Encouraging businesses to prioritize ethical and social responsibilities over profits. Eg: The Companies Act, 2013 mandates CSR spending for companies with significant profits. • Eg: The Companies Act, 2013 mandates CSR spending for companies with significant profits. • Implementing ethical guidelines: Enforcing robust ethical frameworks for governance and business conduct. Eg: The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) recommends an ethical code for public officials. • Eg: The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) recommends an ethical code for public officials. • Independent regulatory oversight: Establishing independent regulatory bodies to monitor and ensure ethical practices. Eg: The establishment of Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 aims to reduce corruption in public offices. • Eg: The establishment of Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 aims to reduce corruption in public offices. Conclusion Ethical governance and business practices demand transparency, stakeholder participation, and strict enforcement of ethical standards, ensuring that institutions work in the public interest rather than for vested interests.

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